X® COAL TO BUY 

AND 

HOW TO BURN IT 



PRACTICAL HINTS ON 
THE SELECTION OF 
COAL FOR PRESENT 
DAY REQUIREMENTS 



















Pass \ N ^ 


Book. - _ 






THE GOAL TO BUY 


how to'burn IT 


Being Practical Hints on the Selection 
oi Coal tor P? ' esent-Day Requirements 



THE CONSOLIDATION 
FAIRMONT COAL 
SOMERSET COAL 


COAL COMPANY 
COMPANY 
COMPANY 


GENERAL OFFICES 


BALTIMORE, MD. 


\Y\ G. SHARP, General Manager of Sales 
I BROADWAY. NEW YORK 


NEW YORK 
Ernest S. Green, Mgr. 
i Broadway 

CINCINNATI 
W. C. Rogers, Mgr. 
Traction Bldg. 


PHILADELPHIA 
F. W. WlLSHIRE, Mgr. 
Land Title Bldg. 

CLEVELAND 
Northwestern Fuel. Co. 
Western Reserve Bldg. 


E. M. MANCOURT, Western and Southwestern Mgr. 
MAJESTIC BUILDING, DETROIT 

BALTIMORE BOSTON 

Chas. Von H. Kalkmann, Mgr. R. C. Gillespie, Mgr. 
Continental Trust Bldg. State Mutual Bldg. 


CHICAGO 

Northwestern Fuel Co. 
Northwestern and Chicago Agents 


WASHINGTON, D. C. 
W. A. LEETCH, Mgr. 


Foreign Representatives: SANDERS & Co., no Cannon St., London, E. C. 


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JAN 10 1905 

D. of D, 


i 


THE CONSOLIDATION COAL COMPANY 





















“COAL MOVES THE WORLD. THE SPIRIT OF PROGRESS COMES 
FROM IT. RAILROADS, STEAMBOATS BORROW FROM IT THEIR 
WONDERFUL STRENGTH. EVERY MACHINE THAT IS AND 
WORKS HAS ITS EXISTENCE FROM COAL. IT MAKES THE 
EARTH HABITABLE. IT GIVES TO THE CITIES THEIR MIGHTY 
BLAZE AND SPLENDOR. IT IS A TREASURE, THE LAST GIFT 
PRESENTED BY EARTH TO EXTRAVAGANT MAN.”— JOKAI. 


The Consolidation Coal Company 


N a comparatively small area of about one hundred square 
miles, in the western part of Maryland, is contained the 
famous George’s Creek Big Vein Cumberland Coal, 
' which for more than sixty years has stood for all that 
is best in bituminous coals. 

The operations of this Company are located in the 
heart of this celebrated region, on the line of the Cumberland and Pennsyl¬ 
vania Railroad. The first mines in this territory were opened in 1842. 



OCEAN NO. 7 MINE 

During that year its entire output amounted to hut 1708 tons, while in 
1903 the mines of this Company produced 1,753,783 tons, or forty-two 
per cent, of the entire output of the Cumberland region. 














THE CONSOLIDATION COAL COMPANY 



C. Transportation Facilities 

I he Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad, which is owned, controlled, 
and operated by this Company, was originally built to develop the coal 
resources of the region above referred to, and operates in connection with 
the Baltimore and Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroads and their connections 
thus reaching all markets advantageously. Consumers who are so situated 
as to have the benefit of the facilities offered by both these systems will 
find it greatly to their interest to draw their fuel from a region able to ship 


















THE CONSOLIDATION COAL COMPANY 



EXTERIOR OF “CUMBERLAND AND PENNSYLVANIA” SHOPS 


via either route, thus reducing to a minimum the possibility of an inter¬ 
rupted supply. 

Tide-water shipments can he made over the following loading ports : 

BALTIMORE 

Locust Point, via Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 

Curtis Bay, via Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 

Canton, via Pennsylvania Railroad. 

PHILADELPHIA 

Jackson Street, via Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 

Port Richmond, via Philadelphia and Reading Railway. 
Greenwich, via Pennsylvania Railroad. 

NEW YORK 

St. George, via Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 

Port Reading, via Philadelphia and Reading Railway. 

South Amboy, via Pennsylvania Railroad. 

To consumers taking their supply at tide-water the advantages offered 
bv this Company must be apparent. 








THE CONSOLIDATION COAL COMPANY 



“CUMBERLAND AND PENNSYLVANIA” ERECTING SHOPS 


Markets 

The most glowing tribute that can be paid to this superior fuel will be 
a brief mention of the scope of its markets, extending as they do from 
Maine to California. 

It is specified by the United States Navy, where it is subjected to the 
severest test a fuel can be put to, and demanded by the potteries, makers of 
art ware, where one wheel-barrow of coal not up to the highest standard 
will ruin an entire kiln worth thousands of dollars. Overtaxed plants, or 
those without modern economical appliances, can only meet the extensive 
demands made upon them when using this coal. 











THE CONSOLIDATION COAL COMPANY 



THE FIRST CARGO OF COAL WHICH EVER LEFT BALTIMORE FOR JAPAN. STEAMER “OSBORNE” WITH 

CONSOLIDATION COAL FOR U. S. NAVY AT YOKOHAMA 


This Company has on its books to-day the names of customers who 
have been buying coal from it for forty years, and are known to the trade 
as “ George’s Creek Customers.” 

This coal is not a low or medium priced fuel, but the highest priced fuel 
in the market; notwithstanding this fact, however, it is the most economical. 
There is no test to which a bituminous coal can be put that it will not 
fully satisfy. 

A special feature of the George’s Creek Coal is its smokeless qualities, 
which render it a very desirable fuel for use in municipalities where anti¬ 
smoke ordinances are in effect. 



OCEAN NO. 4 MINE 








THE CONSOLIDATION COAL COMPANY 




A “CONSOLIDATION” COMPRESSED-AIR ENGINE 

























THE CONSOLIDATION COAL COMPANY 



OCEAN NO. 8 MINE 


€L Smithing 

As a smithing coal the product of this region leads the world. There 
is no fuel mined capable of doing the same amount of work or producing 
as satisfactory results in smithing practices, and it is universally conceded to 
be a perfect smithing coal. 

Its high calorific value, furnishing probably as much absolute heat per 
pound as any known fuel, makes it very economical. In addition to this, 
it cokes promptly on the application of heat, making a strong, hard coke, 
rendering possible the formation of a very large arch in forging operations, 
sufficient to cover pieces of any size which can reasonably be handled on 
the anvil. 

In the far Western States the orders for this coal for smithing have 
often been so great as to exceed the capacity of the Company to fill and at 
the same time supply the demand for it in the Eastern markets. Other 
coals go out to the Pacific Coast, but George’s Creek smithing supplants 
them, when available. 

Smithing coal for the Pacific Coast and Western States is loaded in the 
good old “ clipper” ships at one of the three ports mentioned above, and 
starts on a voyage of fourteen thousand miles,—around Cape Horn, crossing 
the Equator twice, risking typhoons, spontaneous combustion, and other 
possible accidents. If all goes well, at the end of one hundred and twenty 
days (four months) the shipment arrives in San Francisco. There the coal is 
discharged on docks, loaded into cars, shipped to consuming and reshipping 
points, where it is sacked, loaded on the backs of burros, and sent in all 








THE CONSOLIDATION COAL COMPANY 


directions across the Rockies to the mining-camps, where it is used on the 
tools that are working in the almost impenetrable rocks. 

Consider the cost of this coal at such points of consumption : rate 
transportation to San Francisco is often as high as $9.25 per ton. Other 
coals are nearer and more available,—rates of transportation fifty to seventy- 
five per cent, lower; but George’s Creek smithing, costly as it is, fills 
every requirement, and is pronounced the most economical coal for this 
purpose that can he procured. The West will continue, therefore, to draw 
its smithing coal from Marvland as long as it is obtainable. 















MONONGAH MINE OPENING 


Fairmont Coal Company 


HE Fairmont Coal Company is the result of a nucleus 
formed by the late James O. Watson, in the year 1852, 
when he purchased in what is known as the Fairmont 
region, West Virginia, fourteen acres of coal land. 

All the properties of this Company at present in 
operation are located on the line of the Baltimore and 
Ohio Railroad, whose valuable connections Fast and West give its output 
a market in all directions. Tide-water shipments are made over the 
following loading ports : 

BALTIMORE 

Locust Point, via Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 

Curtis Bay, via Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 

PHILADELPHIA 

Jackson Street, via Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 

Port Richmond, via Philadelphia and Reading Railway. 

NEW YORK 

St. George, via Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 

Port Reading, via Philadelphia and Reading Railway. 












FAIRMONT COAL COMPANY 



ENTERPRISE MINE 











FAIRMONT COAL COMPANY 


C. Output 

The Company now owns, controls, and operates forty-five mines in this 
region, with an acreage of 61,800 and a producing capacity of 8,000,000 
tons a year, also 1106 coke-ovens, with a capacity of 600,000 tons per 
annum. 

The following table shows the output of the Fairmont region since 1 886 : 



id r-~ 00 

00 00 00 

00 co oo 


CM 

CO 



ID 


00 

cn 

0 

— 

cu 

.n 

cn 

CD 

cn 

cn 

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cn 

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cn 

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0 

oO 

CO 

00 

(30 

00 

co 

00 

oo 

0 

cn 

cn 

cn 


cn 

00 

00 


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cn 

oo 


cn 

00 































































































































































FAIRMONT COAL COMPANY 



GYPSY MINE AND MINERS’ VILLAGE 


C Markets 

There are many uses for which Fairmont coal is especially adapted, and 
the progress made by the Company in extending its markets in all directions 
is evidence of the high regard in which it is held. 

The Fairmont coal is prepared in seven different grades or sizes : 

One and one-half inch, passing over a screen with a distance of one and 
one-half inches between the bars. 

Three-quarter inch, passing over a screen three-quarters of an inch 
between the bars. 

Run-of-Mine, as it comes from the mines. 

Egg, Nut, and Pea, taken from the screenings remaining after the sepa¬ 
ration of one and one-half inch and three-quarter inch ; and 

Slack, the residue of the screenings after taking out the three sizes just 
mentioned. 









FAIRMONT COAL COMPANY 


C. Fairmont Coal for Illuminating Gas 

As a gas coal, for illuminating purposes, Fairmont three-quarter inch 
screened has no superior. 

The variableness of requirements in the operation of gas plants is such 
a predominating factor that this feature alone is liable to overshadow any 
superiority of one coal over another. The requisites of a good gas coal in 
their order of importance can be stated as follows : 

1. A high yield of gas. 

2. The candle-power of the gas should be high. 

3. It must yield a firm, merchantable coke. 

4. A high yield of tar and ammonia. 

5. The coal should give up its gas freely and quickly. 

6. The coal should be moderately low in sulphur. 

Since the introduction of Welsbach lamps in recent years, the illumi¬ 
nating value of gas has become of less importance. If this feature of the 
gas is sacrificed, an increase in quantity is possible, or the illuminating value 
can be increased by a lower yield. 

The yields from three plants in daily operation, using Fairmont gas coal, 
are as follows : 



Columbus, Ohio 

Indianapolis, Ind. 

4 per cent, cannel-coal used 

Grand Rapids, Mich. 

Yield of gas, per ton 
2,000 lbs. 

9,300 CU. ft. 

9,600 CU. ft. 

9,880 CU. ft. 

Candle-power 

1 7*75 

17.76 

14.85 

Tar (gallons) 

I 5.00 

13.0° 

15.70 

Ammonia (lbs.) 

3-75 

5.00 


Yield of coke 

65.0 

60. 5 

67.60 























FAIRMONT COAL COMPANY 


CL Fairmont Coal for Producer Gas 

As a proof of its merits for use in this particular direction, we can refer 
to practically every large manufacturer of iron and steel using producer 
eas in the Eastern market, many of whom have been consumers of P airmont 
coal for years. 

In the production of producer gas three-quarter inch screened coal is 
generally used with most satisfactory results. 


i 



CHIEFTON TIPPLE, BARN, AND RAILROAD CARS 


Producer gas is made by a partial combustion of fuel, thus changing it 
from a solid to a gaseous state. The introduction of air brings in a large 
proportion of nitrogen, which is an inert gas and reduces the heating value of 
the resulting product. The coal which can be changed to a gas with the 
least amount of air would, therefore, yield the best quality of gas. Fairmont 
coal, containing thirty-six per cent, of volatile matter, will yield this amount 
of gas with simply the application of heat, leaving only the remaining fifty- 
five per cent, of fixed carbon to be gasified by partial combustion. The 
producer gas made from this coal has, therefore, a higher heating value than 
that made from a lower volatile coal. This kind of gas is largely used in 
steel-plants for heating ingots in soaking-pits, or reheating furnaces, and 
also very extensively in the open-hearth process of steel-making, and in 
furnaces where cast-iron and scrap are converted into steel. 






















FAIRMONT COAL COMPANY 


C, Fairmont Coal for Locomotives, etc. 

In heavy steam practice and for use in locomotives Fairmont Run-of- 
Mine is unexcelled. This claim is substantiated by the number of railroads 
in this and other countries which are now using large quantities of Fairmont 
coal with satisfactory results, and for this purpose there does not seem to be 
a fuel that excels it. 



NEW ENGLAND TIPPLE AND POWER-HOUSE 


Particular features which make this a desirable locomotive fuel are the 
quickness and intensity with which the coal will respond when needed, and 
the natural lumpy character of its physical structure, which admits of its 
being transferred and handled without serious detriment. 

European countries, Mexico, the West Indies, and South America pro¬ 
vide a large and growing market for our coals, greatly due to the feature 
mentioned above. 


















FAIRMONT COAL COMPANY 



INTERIOR OF TIPPI.E AT NEW ENGLAND MINE, SHOWING DUMPS AND CAR-HOISTS 


C. Fairmont Coal for By-product Ovens 

The Run-of-Mine coal has been successfully used in by-product ovens, 
being a very valuable fuel for this use, on account of the large yield of 
by-products. 

Since by-product coke-ovens are slowly but surely becoming a factor in 
the production of coke, gas, and other products, the various coals have been 
more thoroughly tested for the respective yields of gas, tar, and ammonia, 
and the quality and structure of the coke. 

The United Coke & Gas Company are probably the foremost among 
such experimenters, and a table of their results, taken from the “Mineral 































FAIRMONT COAL COMPANY 


Industry,” shows some of the coal best suited for this purpose, with average 
computed and compared with a test on Fairmont coal. 



Coke, 

Tar, 

Ammonium 

Total Cu. Ft. Gas 


Per Cent. 

Per Cent. 

Sulphate 

per 2,000 lbs. Coal 

Cape Breton .... 

72.83 

4.99 

I .OI O 

9,000 

Youghiogheny .... 

75.60 

5.07 

I. I OO 

9,000 

Connellsville .... 

76.34 

6.14 

• 1 • 22 3 

8,924 

Pittsburg. 

68.25 

4 - 3 8 

.908 

8,884 

Eastern Pennsylvania . 

8 5.00 

2.00 

.800 

8,400 

Virginia. 

66.01 

4.70 

1.070 

I 0,090 

Kanawha. 

73.60 

6.40 

I .OOO 

10,289 

Average. 

73-95 

00 

• 

I .Ol6 

9> 22 7 

Fairmont. 

72.58 

5.22 

I .270 

# 

10,200 


If there is anything in by-products, the above figures show that Fairmont 
coal is one of the best, if not the best for this purpose in the country. 
Analysis of Fairmont coal used for this purpose : 


Carbon 

Hydrogen 

Oxygen . 

Nitrogen . 

Sulphur 

Phosphorus 

Ash 

Moisture 
Volatile 
Fixed carbon 


77-83 

5.18 

9- 1 3 
i -53 
.72 
.013 
5.61 

1.98 
45.2J 
57.20 


B. T. U. . . . 

Analysis of ash of above coal : 


14402 


SiO, 

A 1 A 

Fe 2 0 3 

CaO 

MgO 

c n 

O 

cc 

\Ci 

0 

Pu 

k 2 o 

Na 2 0 

46.06 

2 5 * 3 5 

20.00 

2 -99 

2.64 

rn 

1 race 

• 36 

1.50 

1.05 









































































FAIRMONT COAL COMPANY 


C, Fairmont Coal for Miscellaneous Uses 

The Egg, Nut, and Pea coals resemble anthracite in size and appearance, 
and are used successfully in brick burning, heating furnaces, glass and other 
manufactories where especially clean and quick firing coal is desirable. 

The F airmont coal is unexcelled as a domestic fuel, producing a hot fire, 
easily cleaned and capable of quicklv generating heat; is pleasing to look at, 
and in territories where soft coal is used for domestic purposes, the business 
of the Company is very large. 

The Slack Coal is considered one of the most satisfactory fuels for burn¬ 
ing clinker Portland cement that is mined, the peculiar practice in vogue in 
the cement industry requiring a high volatile coal, and of such fineness that 
it can be economically and quickly handled in the automatic conveying 
machinery so necessary in a plant of this kind. The coal is pulverized so 
as to pass through a sieve of one hundred meshes to the inch, and is blown 
into the lower end of the kiln, where its gases ignite and pass off through 
a heat vent in the top of the kiln. 

Slack coal is also economically used in connection with various automatic 
stoking devices, and by some of the manufacturers of these appliances is 
recommended as being the most satisfactory fuel. It is also largely consumed 
in plants having plenty of draught and grate area, and on account of its low 
cost as compared to ordinary steam coals, is very economical. 



MULE “ DOLLY” AT XX OPENING, FAIRMONT 






FAIRMONT COAL COMPANY 


C. Fairmont Coal for Coking Purposes 

It has been the practice in this region, since coke-ovens were first built, 
to use nothing but slack for making coke. This made a product variable in 
ash and sulphur, and was remedied at some of the plants by the introduction 
of washers. Their use has made it possible to place on the market a coke 
of remarkable uniformity, which to a coke consumer is one of the most, if 
not the most valuable feature of a coke. 

The structure of the coke is similar to that of the Connellsville region, 
—firm, bright, and strong. 

The coke manufactured from Fairmont coal, both foundry and furnace, is 
well adapted for blast-furnaces and for various smelting and refining purposes, 
great quantities of it being shipped to the smelters of Mexico, Canada, and 
the western part of the United States. 

The Company also operates a crusher which reduces the size of furnace 
coke to Egg, Stove, Nut, and Pea, and is able to dispose of practically all 
these grades of coke which it can manufacture to various chain-works 
and other industries engaged in special forging, requiring intense heat. 



SCREENS AND BASKET AT NEW ENGLAND TIPPLE 















ELK LICK MINE 


Somerset Coal Company 


HE properties of this Company are adjacent to the Balti¬ 
more and Ohio Railroad and its branches in Somerset 
County, Pennsylvania, and consist of 32,000 acres of 
coal lands and twenty-two mines owned, controlled, and 
operated by this Company, which was formed in the 
early part of the year 1902, their capacity being about a 
million and a half tons of coal per annum. We have installed at our 
mines, where coking coal is produced, three hundred ovens capable of 
turning out 135,000 tons of first-quality furnace coke per annum. 

€L Transportation Facilities 

Shipments are made to all markets via the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 
and its connections. Tide-water shipments can be made over the follow¬ 
ing loading ports : 

BALTIMORE 

Locust Point, via Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 

Curtis Bay, via Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 

PHILADELPHIA 

Jackson Street, via Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 

Port Richmond, via Philadelphia and Reading Railway. 

NEW YORK 

St. George, via Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 

Port Reading, via Philadelphia and Reading Railway. 












SOMERSET COAL COMPANY 


C. Markets 

From the extent of the territory covered by our operations, it would 
naturally be assumed that the coal is of varying chemical and physical 
properties. While this is true, it gives the Company an advantage in that 
it has a choice of many different kinds of coal to apply under special 
conditions and uses. Fhe selection of a proper coal is in the hands of a 



SUMMIT MINE 

competent metallurgist and chemist, who has a thorough knowledge of the 
different classes of our coal, and is in every way able to make judicious 
selection to apply on any special business, so that under existing conditions 
the best results can be obtained. It is not considered that one coal is 

" ' y V,r r 

better than another, but we have classified the coals according to their 
chemical and physical properties and ability to stand heavy draft, whether 
giving long or short flame, and their smoke-producing qualities. We have 
fuels that are admirably suited for use in plants having insufficient draft, 








SOMERSET COAL COMPANY 



SALISBURY YARD 



ALLEGHENY MINE 


















SOMERSET COAL COMPANY 


small fire-boxes under boilers. For ordinary steam business, where smoke 
is objectionable or heavy firing is required, and for heavy, locomotive, and 
marine firing, we have a coal that will not clinker, gives a long flame, and 
works well also under heavy puddling and heating furnace work. This fuel 
is one of the best domestic soft coals in Pennsylvania for use in both ranges 
and furnaces, and careful preparation is given to the coal shipped for this 
purpose. F or plants where the boiler capacity is limited, we have a coal 
that is specially fitted, for the reason that it can be carried for long periods 
in the furnaces without cleaning, and is capable of producing an evaporative 
power which commonly gives from eighty to ninety per cent, over builders’ 
rated horse-power on boilers. It is largely used in lime-burning, where its 
free-burning and non-clinkering qualities are appreciated. For general pud¬ 
dling and heating furnaces we supply a coal unusually low in sulphur 
contents. Its coke-making properties render its use economical where fires 
are carried to their fullest extent at all times, the coal banking down very 
well, and it will not clinker or run on the grate. The same coal is success¬ 
fully used in pottery and brick work, where very high temperatures must be 
maintained, as in enamelled-brick furnaces. 

This coal is also particularly adapted for blacksmithing purposes, 
especially in light forging, and the business of the Company in this par¬ 
ticular trade is constantly growing. 

Consumers who have tried the cokes of this Company have pronounced 
them equal to the best on the market. Unsolicited, we received from one 
of the largest Eastern furnaces, which has consumed as high as 5000 tons 
per month of our coke, an average analysis of 481 cars showing the sulphur 
to be only .846 percent. The coke is quite dense in its physical structure, 
and is capable of bearing the ordinary furnace burden. 

There is a demand for this coke wherever it can be obtained, and a 
ready market is always open for it. 







SOMERSET COAL COMPANY 



ELK LICK OVENS 



STUART MINE OPENING 




















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CANTILEVER TOWERS ON CONGRESS STREET WHARF, BOSTON 


Special Facilities for Delivery 


HE marketing of the products of these three Companies 
is handled in conjunction and greatly expedited by the 
special facilities at their disposal, a .brief description of 
which we give below : 

EASTERN 

C, Boston 

The Metropolitan Coal Company of Boston, controlled by the Con¬ 
solidation Coal Company, affords our Companies unequalled opportunities 
for the discharge and delivery of their product in Boston and vicinity. The 
Metropolitan Coal Company has control of several wharves in Boston 
harbor, all fully equipped with modern machinery, where the largest steam- 















SPECIAL FACILITIES FOR DELIVERY 



CHELSEA WHARF, BOSTON. LOADING LIGHTER FROM VESSEL 









































SPECIAL FACILITIES FOR DELIVERY 


ships and vessels are quickly discharged. The schooner u Thomas W. 
Lawson,” 8000 tons, is constantly employed, in company with other large 
vessels of from four to six thousand tons. The steamship u Hector,” 4000 
tons, is owned and used exclusively by the Metropolitan Company. Five 
of their wharves are situated on deep water, having a storage capacity of 
250,000 tons, and are capable of discharging from 2000 to 2500 tons each 
per day. Recently the steamship “ Orion,” with 2250 tons, was discharged 
in seven hours. 

In addition to the unequalled harbor facilities, this Company has depots 
and offices in the suburbs of Boston, covering the residential and manu¬ 
facturing districts, including what is known as u Greater Boston.” 

The lighterage plant of the Metropolitan Company is a special feature, 
comprising tow-boats and lighters of from 100 to 1000 tons capacity, for 
transferring coal to their depots and other places in and around Boston. 
Also two floating bunkering machines, by which from 800 to 1000 tons can 
be put on board steamships in a day. This floating machinery is also used 
for discharging coal and other freight from vessels at anchor. From the 
vessels at the wharves the coal is hoisted into pockets and into storage 
bins, from which bins it is delivered by machinery for loading into wagons 
or barges. 

The elevating machinery consists of towers, one of which is a revolv¬ 
ing tower having a capacity of three tons per minute from a radius of 
one hundred and twenty feet. 

The teaming department consists of flve hundred horses, with the 
necessary harnesses and wagons, all ot which have careful attention, the 
stables being of modern construction, with a repair-shop containing perfect 
equipment for wagon work, blacksmithing, and general repairs. 

The wharves and offices are in every way modern and complete, fully 
prepared to do a large and widely distributed business. 




SPECIAL FACILITIES FOR DELIVERY 


C. New York 

The Consolidation Coal Company also operates, for exclusive use of tugs, 
private yachts, and other smaller craft, extensive coal pockets in the harbor 
of New York, where this coal, which is recognized as being unexcelled as 
a steam producer, can be procured day or night, Sundays or legal holidays. 



Located at the foot of Ninth Street, Hoboken, N. J., directly under 
what is locally known as “ Castle Point,” opposite Twelfth Street, New 
York City, this Company maintains extensive coal pockets, with a capacity 
of 7500 tons, and always keeps on hand an ample supply of fuel, George’s 
Creek and Somerset coal, for immediate delivery, and has facilities for the 
simultaneous coaling of from six to eight tugs, depending upon the size and 
length of the boats. Fresh water is furnished free to all vessels bunkering 
at these pockets, and at each coaling berth there are hose connections, so 
that vessels may obtain water while receiving coal, and thus save much 
valuable time. These pockets were formerly operated by Messrs. Rogers 
and Curran, and since having passed into the hands of this Company, the 
business of its predecessors has not only been retained, but has steadily 
increased. 

The high calorific value of this coal and its smokeless qualities make 
it the most desirable fuel that can be procured in New York harbor for the 
use of yachts and other pleasure-crafts, two of the principal requirements of 
which are speed and comfort. 





SPECIAL FACILITIES FOR DELIVERY 


C. Baltimore 

In connection with the New England business of these Companies the 
Consolidation Coal Company operates, via the port of Baltimore, two 
steamers having a carrying capacity of 1500 tons and 800 tons respectively, 


SEA-GOING 

TUG 

“SAVAGE” 
















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CABIN OF 
“SAVAGE” 
EQUIPPED 
WITH 
WIRELESS- 
TELEGRAPH 
APPARATUS 


three sea-going tugs and sixteen sea-going barges with a capacity of 1650 
tons each, these facilities enabling our customers in the New England States 
to rely upon regular transportation for the coal taken from this Company. 













SPECIAL FACILITIES FOR DELIVERY 



THE LARGEST SCHOONER IN THE WORLD AT CURTIS BAY WHARF, B. & O. R. R. 


C, Curtis Bay, Baltimore 

The greater portion of the tide-water, business of these Companies is 
moved, via the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, over the Curtis Bay coal pier 
of the port of Baltimore. The facilities of this pier for giving prompt 
dispatch are not surpassed on the Atlantic Coast. It is 800 feet long from 
shore line to deep-water terminus, 60 feet wide, and 45 feet high, its 
operation being practically automatic. The loaded-car approach is IOOO 
feet in length and rises gradually on a one and one-half per cent, grade to 
the top of the pier. At the summit the cars run over a one-hundred-ton 
Fairbanks scale and are weighed automatically ; as cars can he unloaded on 
both sides simultaneously, each track has its set of scales. After the weigh- 

















SPECIAL FACILITIES FOR DELIVERY 


ing, the cars are run to the unloading pockets. These are made of steel, 
each ending in a long steel spout which is dropped to the vessel’s hatchway. 
1'here are twenty-five of these pockets and spouts on each side of the pier. 
When the drop-bottoms in the cars are opened and the coal has been 
dropped, the cars run by their own momentum to the switchback at the end 
of the pier; here they reach the return track and run down an incline 1800 
feet long into the yard, being weighed on a third pair ol automatic scales 
while moving. With the use of the fifty-ton steel cars and with requisite 
amount ol vessel tonnage, the maximum capacity of the pier is 1000 tons 
per hour. 

In order to handle the vast number of cars unloaded over this pier and 
quickly move the empties, an immense yard has been constructed at Curtis 
Bay, its capacity being about 1800 cars, and all necessary structures con¬ 
nected with a yard of this character are also available. 

A channel three hundred feet wide and thirty feet deep from the bay to 
the shore line of the pier is maintained, so that any vessel which would enter 
Chesapeake Bay can load at the Curtis Bay pier. It was via this pier that 
the “ Thomas W. Lawson” was loaded by the Consolidation Coal Company 
with 8189 tons of its George’s Creek coal in nine hours and thirty minutes 
actual loading time. The “ Thomas W. Lawson” is the largest schooner in 
the world, having seven masts, so that at best she is very unwieldy to handle. 



ONE OF THE IOO-FOOT AUTOMATIC SCALES, CURTIS BAY COAL PIER, B. & O. R. R. , BALTIMORE 








































SPECIAL FACILITIES FOR DELIVERY 


WESTERN 

C. Cincinnati, Ohio 

The Fairmont Coal Company here maintains six large and extensive 
retail yards, conveniently located in various parts of the city, where they 
have constantly employed upwards of one hundred and thirty horses, which 
are required to make daily deliveries from these yards to their wholesale and 



ONE OF SIX YARDS AT CINCINNATI 


retail customers. These yards are modern and up-to-date in every way, and 
since their acquisition, the increase in their business has been phenomenal, 
comprising the largest wholesale and retail dealers in the city of Cincinnati. 

THE NORTHWESTERN FUEL COMPANY 
CL St. Paul, Minn. 

The Northwestern Fuel Company, whose principal office is in St. 
Paul, Minn., is controlled by the Fairmont Coal Company, and acts as 
distributing agent of these three Companies in the Northwestern territory, 
having large docks at various points, a brief description of which is given 
below. 











SPECIAL FACILITIES FOR DELIVERY 


C, Washburn, Wis. 

The dock at Washburn, Wis., on the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis 
and Omaha Railroad, has a storage capacity of 150,000 tons. The 
movement of coal over this dock enables us to utilize its capacity two or 
three times over during the season of navigation, so that each year more 
than 200,000 tons of coal are carried over this property. From this dock 
all territory on the line of the above railroad, including St. Paul and Minne¬ 
apolis, and all points on the Chicago and Northwestern in South Dakota 
and Minnesota, are reached. 

C. Duluth, Minn. 

The Northwestern Fuel Company dock at this point has a storage 
capacity of 125,000 tons, and, owing to the manner in which coal is here 
moved, it is possible to handle during the season over 200,000 tons. From 
this dock all points are reached on the lines leading from Duluth,—namely, 
Northern Pacific; Great Northern ; Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and 
Omaha; Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul; Duluth, South Shore and 
Atlantic ; Duluth and Iron Range ; and Duluth, Mississippi and Northern. 



DOCK AT SUPERIOR. THE ONLY ELECTRICALLY EQUIPPED DOCK IN THE WORLD 


Ch Superior, Wis. 

Here the Northwestern Fuel Company has three docks, one of which 
has just been equipped with electrical handling machinery. The combined 











SPECIAL FACILITIES FOR DELIVERY 



FRONT VIEW OF DOCK AT SUPERIOR 


capacity of these docks is about 1,250,000 tons, and we can transport over 
them during the season of navigation 2,000,000 tons. From these docks 
we reach the same territory as via Duluth. 

Adjacent to one of these docks we have 230 coke-ovens, where we 
manufacture daily about 400 tons of coke for shipment to the smelters in 
Montana and Washington. 

C. Milwaukee, Wis. 

From the two docks of the Northwestern Fuel Company at this port 
are reached all points on the Chicago and Northwestern, and the Chicago, 
Milwaukee and St. Paul, and their connections. Storage capacity is 125,000 
tons each, with a capacity for handling 175,000 tons each during naviga¬ 
tion. At Chicago the Company handles coal in car-load lots, direct ship¬ 
ments being made from the mines. 

The Northwestern Fuel Company also represents the D., L. & W. 
Railroad in the sale of its Scranton coal, handling during the year 1903 
about 750,000 tons of this well-known product, and during that period 
almost 2,000,000 tons of bituminous coal. 

Shipments of coal in connection with the Northwestern Fuel Company 
from our mines move via the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad to Lorain and 




















SPECIAL FACILITIES FOR DELIVERY 


Sandusky, Ohio, where the cars are set on what are known as “car-dumping 
machines,” the entire car being turned over and emptied into a funnel-shaped 
chute, which discharges the coal into the holds of vessels for transportation 
to the discharging dock. The dumping machines are capable of unloading 
from five to six thousand tons every twelve hours. Upon arrival at the 
dock the coal is unloaded by clam-shell buckets, and is carried over the dock 
in small cars, except at Superior, where we have electrical appliances for 
bringing the coal out of the vessel in ton buckets, whence it is emptied into 
a bucket having a capacity of nine tons, and this is carried over the dock by 
electricity and discharged wherever needed. At this dock we can discharge 
from five to six thousand tons a day, and on our other docks from three to 
four thousand tons per day. 

To load this coal from storage docks into cars, it is picked up by clam¬ 
shell buckets, carried to the car-loading side of the dock, emptied into 
buckets, and discharged into the cars. 


Consolidation, Fairmont, and Somerset Coals 

as Steam Coals 


|HE value of a coal for steam production depends prima¬ 
rily on the number of heat units which it is capable of 
developing. There are instruments that will measure 
the heat given off by a coal to a degree of accuracy 
within one-half of one per cent., and various coals or 
different samples of the same coal can thus be compared 
on this as a standard basis. 

The impression that there are wide differences in the heating value of 
coals, which arose from the inability to measure it accurately, is rapidly dis¬ 
appearing. An expression that one coal is twice as good as another, while 















OUR COALS AS STEAM COALS 


still occasionally heard, is exceptional. Again we hear reference to the 
u efficiency” of a coal, another wrong idea. If a coal is said to contain 
14,000 B. T. U. (British Thermal Units), it will deliver this number of 
B. T. U. if completely burned, no matter how rapidly, how slowly, or how 
complex the conditions, and the word “ efficiency” signifies that proportion 
of the total heat in the coal which any given plant can convert into available 
steam. It is true that it may be more difficult to maintain this efficiency 
with one coal than with another, due to difference in composition, but the 
variation is chargeable entirely to the manipulation and not to the coal. 

Some few plants with modern appliances for automatic firing, and boilers 
of special design, have been able to extract eighty per cent, of the heat in 
the coal and deliver it in available steam. In other words, they have attained 
eighty per cent, efficiency. Such performances are very rare, and seventy-five 
per cent, might be called the best practice. While seventy-five per cent, 
would be very good, sixty-five per cent, is the average, and sixty per cent, 
the common practice in smaller plants. 

Where and how these losses occur may be best illustrated by taking two 
tests made in the same plant, one of which is fairly good practice, and the 
other very poor. The results are given as heat balance in per cent. 



Test No. 1 

Per cent. 

Test No. 2 
Per cent. 


Heat used in Evaporation 

70.98 

54 - 3 2 

Efficiency 

Losses 



Causes of Loss 

Products of combustion 

8.46 

7.1 2 

In large part unavoidable 

Latent heat. 

3-54 

3- 1 9 

Due to composition of coal 

Air excess. 

4.67 

16.00 

Good or bad firing 

Unburned coal .... 

i -35 

10.71 

<< < < ( i a 

Unburned gases 

2.68 

0.00 

<< << a it 

Radiation. 

8.32 

8.66 

Construction of plant 

Total heat supplied . 

100.00 

100.00 



This shows that the efficiency of the plant is almost entirely in the 
hands of the fireman. 






























jTERNAL vigilance is the price of economy in all things.” 
The commercial firing of fuel is no exception, and the 
economy obtained well pays for the attention paid to the 
handling of fuel and air in the production of steam. The 
ideal requirements would be an “automatic” stoker with 
human intelligence, to meet all variations of load with 
equal care and economy, and to perform its duty faithfully, whether much 
or little is required. The nearest this can be approached is in a plant having 
a uniform load where mechanical stokers are run at their best economy 
under the care of intelligent firemen. Where the load is too variable for 
mechanical stoking, hand-firing must be taken as the alternative, and it 
requires judgment and attention to produce the best results. 

Fairmont coal has about thirty-six per cent, volatile matter which is 
driven off when it reaches the temperature of the fire-box. It is capable of 
meeting sudden demands for steam, as about thirty per cent, of its heat is 
given off in three minutes after it is fired. If a large amount is fired at one 
time, there is insufficient air pressure to burn all the gases. This causes much 
loss, and is followed by a period when there is more air than is necessary to 
burn the fixed carbon. When the two sides of a furnace are fired alternately 
everv four or five minutes, there is a variation of only a few per cent, in the 
air required to burn completely all volatile matter from the coal, and the 
maximum required is well under the air usually supplied, so it is useless to 
admit air above the grates. The alternate method of firing is recommended 
because it keeps the temperature and air excess more uniform than when 
coal is spread over the entire grate. 

After the air passes through the bed of coals it must have enough free 
oxygen to burn the volatile gases. For this reason it is important to determine 
the correct thickness of fire. With Fairmont coal eight to ten inches gives the 
best results, with ordinary draft of one-fourth to one-half inch. For further 
variations in the draft the fire should have a corresponding thickness. 

The ash should be frequently worked through the grates with a slice-bar, 










FIRING 


or by shaking, if shaking-grates are installed. The ash must not he stirred 
up into the fire, as it retards the draft, and if hot enough will form clinkers. 
The fire need not be cleaned oftener than once in twelve hours. The cleaning 
should be thorough, leaving no ash on the grates or mixed with the coal. 

Varying demands for steam require corresponding rates of combustion. 
When the fire is kept level and at the proper thickness, as should be done 
regardless of the load, the rate of combustion can be regulated by the draft 
only. Automatic damper regulators control the air very closely. 

The relation of heating surface to grate area and draft affect the economy 
of a plant, and, although they are questions of construction, a fireman should 
know what each is for every boiler. A large amount of fuel may sometimes 
be saved by building the bridge wall a foot or two over the grates, or putting 
dampers in smoke connections, where they are too often wanting. Such 
minor changes to suit the load of that particular plant give better efficiency. 

With two-tenths inch draft about sixteen pounds of Fairmont coal can 
be burned per square foot of grate per hour, and about twenty-nine pounds 
of coal with five-tenths inch draft. 

The highest boiler efficiencies have been obtained when burning from 
thirty to thirty-five hundredths pounds of coal per hour per square foot of 
heating surface. This means a ratio of heating surface to grate area of 
fifty or seventy to one, depending upon the draft. 

George’s Creek and Somerset coals are similar chemically and physically, 
and require like conditions and methods of firing. 

They are classed as smokeless coals, having from sixteen to twenty-two 
per cent, of volatile matter. The variations in the air required are not quite 
so variable as with Fairmont coal; still it is well to fire small amounts at 
intervals of five or six minutes. Smoke is prevented to a considerable extent 
by alternate firing. The fire should be from eight to ten inches thick for 
moderate draft of about one-fourth inch. They burn somewhat faster than 
Fairmont coal, as twenty-one and twenty-seven pounds can be burned per 
hour per square foot of grate with two-tenths inch and three-tenths inch 
draft respectively. Approximately the same amounts of coal should be 
burned per square foot of heating surface per hour as given before. 










This display is here to instruct and entertain vis 
but we are also prepared to do business. Mr. W. Aw Wl! 
representing the selling department, will gladly di q cM 
merits of our products ®t office in the pavmcc ot rears > e> 

Consolidation Coal Co., 

Fairmont Coaf Co., 

Somerset Coal Co. 

t 


viHdiaaviiHd 

ANVdWOO XXODNIdcin '3 'I 








































